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Ninth  Circuit  upholds  California’s  sanctuary  state  laws  (Constitution  news  round-up)

4/25/2019

 
10A: Ninth Circuit upholds California’s sanctuary state laws, cites anti-commandeering principle
https://reason.com/2019/04/18/federal-appellate-court-rules-against-trump-administration-on-most-issues-in-california-sanctuary-state-case/

1A: California Supreme Court suspends prosecution against undercover baby parts videomaker because of political bias and selective prosecution
https://www.lifenews.com/2019/04/22/california-supreme-court-stops-hearing-against-david-daleiden-over-political-bias-and-selective-prosecution/

1A: Seattle transit authority bans all political and religious ads after losing in court to Pamela Geller on terrorist ads
https://gellerreport.com/2019/04/leftwing-seattle-bans-free-speech.html/

1A Religion v. Discrimination: 3rd Circuit upholds Philadelphia’s ban on Catholic agency serving in foster-care system because of its views on marriage
https://freebeacon.com/issues/federal-court-rules-against-catholic-foster-care-agency-punished-by-philadelphia-for-its-religious-beliefs/?utm_source=Freedom+Mail&utm_campaign=bb7f875fe7-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2018_03_19_COPY_02&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_b5e6e0e9ea-bb7f875fe7-45628225

4A: outlier Washington Supreme Court holds one may be convicted of obstruction of justice for refusing police entry without a warrant
https://www.dailywire.com/news/46277/washington-man-refused-let-cops-his-home-without-ashe-schow?utm_source=shapironewsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_content=042319-news&utm_campaign=position3

Foreign Law: Illinois court should not have deferred to Muslim divorce decree from India because procedures there lacked basic due process rights (rights to notice and opportunity to be heard)
https://reason.com/2019/04/24/the-trial-court-did-not-consider-american-law-and-fundamental-precepts-of-due-process/

1A: Sheriff’s department cannot engage in viewpoint discrimination by threatening Facebook users who post unfavorable comments. 
http://www.ca5.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/18/18-10238-CV0.pdf

Free Expression: the concerted effort by the Left and the Islamists to silence free speech threatens our Republic
https://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/2019/04/18/truth-and-the-ability-to-speak-it-under-direct-attack/
 
1A,2A: NRA challenges Los Angeles ordinance requiring contractors to disclose ties to group
https://www.npr.org/2019/04/24/716932727/nra-sues-over-la-law-requiring-contractors-to-disclose-ties-to-the-gun-rights-gr

4A: DEA’s bulk data collection program on people who bought money counters led to the seizure of $50 million despite the fact the vast majority of purchasers were never shown to be connected to drug activity
https://www.forbes.com/sites/nicksibilla/2019/04/09/federal-audit-secret-surveillance-program-helped-dea-seize-over-50-million-in-cash-and-real-estate/#53cfc64f37de

Shame! - shame on Joe Biden for saying illegal aliens are already American citizens.  Your citizenship obviously doesn’t mean anything to you, Joe.
https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2019/04/watch-joe-biden-says-illegal-aliens-are-already-american-citizens/



Justice  Department  Won’t  Appeal  FGM  Case  (Constitution  news  round-up)

4/17/2019

 
Commerce Clause: Justice Department won’t appeal lower court decision blocking federal female genital mutilation prosecutions as unconstitutional (States, it’s up to you or we have sharia, it’s that simple.)
https://reason.com/2019/04/15/justice-department-decides-not-to-appeal-court-ruling-striking-down-federal-law-banning-female-genital-mutilation/

1A: Kentucky ultrasound informed-consent abortion law upheld over First Amendment objections by doctors (6th Circuit)
https://eppc.us4.list-manage.com/track/click?u=be333e74ea841be93db60da61&id=b9b3759781&e=1ef79b0654

1A: Do we really want to go down the road of compelled speech in this country?  We will if the jack-booted thugs have their way on transgenderism (video)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cn5opUFNs-I&feature=youtu.be&fbclid=IwAR0Gq71mhWt3BitcL2x85UQSOHzn3giCBkY7vc20LdXxHfMF-UC9KPNU4ds

1A: “Fake News and the First Amendment: Free Speech Rules” (Volokh video)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5uWzNDKtp9w

2A: Sandy Hook gun manufacturer takes steps to appeal ruling federal immunity statute unavailable (argument made manufacturer broke state law by glorifying illegal uses for its products)
https://www.dailysignal.com/2019/04/10/gunmaker-will-appeal-to-the-supreme-court-in-sandy-hook-victims-lawsuit/?utm_source=TDS_Email&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=CapitolBell%22&mkt_tok=eyJpIjoiTldVd01HVmhPR1prTVdFeSIsInQiOiJFS0lDXC9wQ1wvUmtnVzZIRXVVdHh1S08rcXU0OFp2MkFTTkdHSUQrSDRrWDNVRXNyVk00RmpYNXd5S1U3aGQ3cnFjZkJaM2pnMlRZOHlYc1FFcWZWSnhwYUdiVGxqRmhmdlM5MXpwSzF1Rk1Mdyt4eWJDK1dZbm5WOGJrZTg2cVE5In0%3D
 
2A: East St. Louis Housing Authority agrees to allow public housing residents to possess guns
https://reason.com/2019/04/13/the-second-amendment-in-public-housing/
 
4A: ‘reverse location’ warrants which sweep up data for hundreds or thousands of cell phone users raise constitutional questions
https://www.baconsrebellion.com/wp/courts-authorizing-reverse-location-warrants-in-virginia/
 
Discrimination: landlords can lawfully decline Section 8 housing vouchers, despite disparate impact theory (disproportionate effect on minorities)
http://www.ca5.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/17/17-10943-CV0.pdf

Trademarks based on some racial slurs are OK but others are beyond the pale, and now the Supreme Court is wrestling with whether the same should be true for swear words. 
https://www.npr.org/2019/04/16/713632552/supreme-court-dances-around-the-f-word-with-real-potential-financial-consequence

Economic Freedom: challenge mounted to Nashville probation on home-based businesses (piano lessons, recording studios, hair care, etc.)
https://reason.com/2019/04/09/nashville-home-recording-studio-ban/

‘Hate’  Monitoring  Initiatives  in  Michigan  and  Minnesota  Threaten  Free  Speech

4/17/2019

 
The leading Muslim organization in Germany called on the government to appoint a Federal Commissioner to fight anti-Muslim sentiment in the country, including so-called ‘hate comments’ on the Internet.  That would raise First Amendment concerns, if an Islamophobia czar were appointed in the United States, but we’re only talking about Germany - so no worries, right? 

Let’s talk about two other things that happened closer to home this week.  First, Democrats in Minnesota asked the legislature to appoint a statewide “Task Force on Islamophobia and Anti-Semitism” to be chaired by Keith Ellison, Minnesota’s Muslim Attorney General or someone appointed by him.  Second, Michigan’s Attorney General announced plans to ramp up hate crime prosecutions there and the Civil Rights Department will be documenting hate incidents that - get this - don’t rise to the level of a crime or even a civil infraction.  Michigan’s moves are based on a report from the financially self-interested and now-discredited Southern Poverty Law Center claiming to find a six percent rise in the number of hate and extremist groups in the state.  Anti-sharia groups are on that list.  How would you like to be in Michigan’s new hate speech database and have the government come to your door telling you that you need to get your mind right?

Michele Bachmann said she has no doubt the task force in Minnesota, if created, would recommend authoritarian measures to curb ‘hate speech’ in the state.  The goal is the insertion of Islamic blasphemy law into the state code, she said.  In case you don’t know, Islamic notions of blasphemy are very different from defamation law in America.  In America, truth is generally a defense to a charge of defamation.  But in Sharia law, blasphemy is whatever offends a Muslim.  If you say, ‘Muhammad was a pedophile’, Muslims will take offense and you will have committed blasphemy, even it’s true.  It’s the ultimate heckler’s veto - find one Muslim anywhere in the world who is offended by your speech and your speech is no longer protected.  Also in America, under current law, hate speech is protected by the First Amendment.  Adopt Sharia blasphemy law and you can pretty much say goodbye to free speech.  Free speech advocates are worried that the task force will recommend legislation penalizing hate speech in Minnesota and adopting sharia speech codes for the state, pointing to probable members of the task force from CAIR, which has ties to terror, and Muslim Brotherhood front groups. 

We have kind of a paradox at the moment.  We’re living in a golden age of free speech, as far as court decisions go.  There have been very strong First Amendment cases coming out of the Supreme Court in recent years - Citizens United and Janus, for example.  At the same time, support for free expression in society overall is being attacked by Muslims, the SPLC, and others.  Conservative speakers aren’t allowed on many campuses, and that’s just fine with a distressingly high percentage of college students.  We either do a better job of educating people why we have the First Amendment, or we’ll have more moves like those in Michigan and Minnesota which would have government bureaucrats deciding the parameters of acceptable speech.  We will have arrived in Germany, where the truth is now hate speech and can land you in jail. 

Delaware  and  New  Mexico  join  National  Popular  Vote  Compact  (Constitution  news  round-up)

4/10/2019

 
Electoral College: Delaware and New Mexico join National Popular Vote compact
https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/436338-delaware-gov-signs-bill-to-bill-to-give-electoral-college-votes-to-popular
+
https://www.dailysignal.com/2019/04/04/new-mexico-rejects-electoral-college-joins-popular-vote-compact/?utm_source=TDS_Email&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=CapitolBell%22&mkt_tok=eyJpIjoiT1dWaFl6STBOR05rWTJWbCIsInQiOiJUNjhFWHJEZUhrWk5id2JpZzA1OW91dHdEOHlrUjFQRitNcFlRZUZsWmxiOTd1ZmxGV05reVhFZlFES0huS2dOSzBjanRMcFVZUG8ySVZmc2E1cnZFR2QxS01HXC9BZWJBOHM4RWFSaytQTE5YY3NuRHpTeWQ1dmUwd3JcL1JPZGxJIn0%3D

Shame on CNN! The electoral college did NOT have anything to do with slavery and Madison did NOT call it ‘evil’
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dq4GYe8Ys_Q&feature=youtu.be&utm_source=TDS_Email&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=MorningBell%22&mkt_tok=eyJpIjoiTWpkall6QmpOR1UwTldJMCIsInQiOiJadUtCbzhQM1p5RjIxeXRzWE5tdDNGbVREUkdOYlNoNTBaZEwyNEl6STFsVGdneWdvT0hzbmRVR1wveGJMQ09aMlwvQWxScW0rY1FFMzN0MDdpTG8zSGRkVXBMWXM4cndkVlNmWGJGU1VwUXBFbmdYM21hVm1TaUlINThIOGVlNzJUIn0%3D

Discrimination: female Muslim soldier planning to sue Army after being told to remove hijab to see if hair conformed to regulations
https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2019/04/here-we-go-muslim-soldier-plans-to-sue-army-over-hijab-after-she-is-caught-breaking-rules/
 
1A: ACLU suing on behalf of former intelligence agency operatives challenging pre-publication review of their books
https://theintercept.com/2019/04/02/prepublication-review-government/
 
1A: 9th Circuit denies en banc review of decision requiring charities to turn over lists of their donors to California officials, despite district court finding state can’t keep donor names secure
http://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2019/03/29/16-55727.pdf
 
Creation of ‘hate group’ monitoring units by Michigan and Minnesota AGs raises free expression concerns. 
https://leohohmann.com/2019/03/30/minnesotas-muslim-ag-may-get-opportunity-to-enforce-islamic-blasphemy-laws-on-remnant-of-patriots/
+
https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2019/02/22/ag-department-civil-rights-document-prosecute-hate-crimes/2954169002/

Free Expression: “Germany’s Top Muslim Organization Calls for ‘Islamophobia’ Czar”
https://legalinsurrection.com/2019/04/germanys-top-muslim-organization-calls-for-islamophobia-czar/
 
1A Free Press: House Dems second-guessing Fox decision not to run a story about a Trump affair, demand reporter’s documents
https://www.breitbart.com/the-media/2019/04/02/house-democrats-want-oversight-over-fox-news-editorial-decisions/
 
1A Free Press: Republican bill in Georgia would establish journalism ethics board; critics call it Orwellian
https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/a-board-to-oversee-georgia-journalists-sounds-like-orwellian-fiction-the-proposal-is-all-too-real/2019/04/08/dffcd33a-5a16-11e9-842d-7d3ed7eb3957_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.6045fd2ff4cf
 
2A: bump stocks are essentially machine guns which are illegal; preliminary injunction while challenge to Trump administration bump stock rule denied (D.C. Circuit)
https://iam.ij.org/2WIQAut
 
2A: court blocks sale of 10-round clips as California appeals earlier ruling knocking down magazine ban
https://freebeacon.com/issues/ruling-against-calif-magazine-ban-partially-blocked-as-case-moves-forward/?utm_source=Freedom+Mail&utm_campaign=14f567edea-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2019_04_05_07_39_COPY_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_b5e6e0e9ea-14f567edea-45628225
 
5A Self-Incrimination: law review article examines whether suspects can be compelled to enter a password to decrypt a locked phone, computer, or file.
http://reason.com/volokh/2019/04/05/final-version-compelled-decryption-and-t

14A Due Process: homeowners win first round in excessive ticketing ‘policing for profit’ case in Georgia
https://ij.org/press-release/doraville-homeowners-win-round-one-in-lawsuit-challenging-citys-overzealous-ticketing-scheme/

Preamble: Bernie Sanders supporters claim General Welfare clause makes the U.S. a socialist country.  Sure, and I’m the tooth fairy.
https://www

Why  We  Have  Term  Limits  for  Presidents

4/8/2019

 
Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez recently claimed the Republicans changed the Constitution to remove President Franklin Roosevelt from office.  Of course, she was wrong.  It’s common knowledge the 22nd Amendment was not ratified until 1951, six years after FDR died in office.   My Champions of the Constitution network pushed back on AOC, as did many others.

But it got me to wondering: What is the story of the 22nd Amendment and why do we have it?  

The 22nd Amendment reads, in pertinent part, “No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice....”  FDR would not have been eligible for reelection for his third and fourth terms if the 22nd Amendment had been in effect at the time. 

There are additional provisions in the 22nd Amendment dealing with unexpired terms, but the main point is that the Amendment codifies the two-term tradition set by George Washington, a tradition unbroken until FDR won a third term in 1940.  Washington was rightly celebrated around the world for declining to become President-for-Life, which he easily could have done. Congress approved the 22nd Amendment in 1947 and it took effect in 1951 after it was ratified by enough states.  Oklahoma and Massachusetts were the only states to reject the amendment. 

The Framers wrestled with presidential term limits at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787.  Hamilton and Madison supported lifetime appointments for presidents.  Mason and others believed that was too much like a monarchy.  A single 7-year term was proposed, but the Framers settled on 4-year terms with no limit on the number.  Presidential term limits were proposed numerous times in the 19th Century, but none passed. Ulysses S. Grant sought a third term - nonconsecutive - in 1880 but lost the Republican nomination to James Garfield.  Teddy Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson also sought third terms, under various circumstances.  FDR let himself be drafted for a third term in 1940, the widening war in Europe being his excuse.  Dewey, who ran unsuccessfully against FDR in 1944, supported presidential term limits, calling unlimited presidencies “the most dangerous threat to our freedom”. 

We think of term limits for president as being settled, but more than 50 resolutions to repeal the 22nd Amendment were introduced in Congress, starting just five years after it was ratified and continuing up until 2013.  Harry Truman, Mitch McConnell, and Harry Reid all supported repeal.  So did Ronald Reagan, who said the 22nd Amendment is antidemocratic.

Guarantee  against  Cruel  and  Unusual  Punishment  in  the  Spotlight  (Constitution  news  round-up)

4/3/2019

 


8A: lethal injection not cruel and unusual punishment despite death row inmate’s medical condition that would generate unusual pain, Supreme Court rules
https://www.npr.org/2019/04/01/708729884/supreme-court-rules-against-death-row-inmate-who-appealed-execution

8A: Supreme Court solicitous of victims’ rights in death penalty case; called on lower courts to recognize delay is harmful to victims' families and to prevent tactical delays
http://reason.com/volokh/2019/04/01/supreme-court-recognizes-victims-rights

 8A: refusal of Texas to pay for inmate’s gender reassignment surgery is not cruel and unusual punishment (5th Circuit)
https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2019/apr/2/federal-appeals-court-rules-prisoners-have-no-righ/

1A: Supreme Court declines to hear secret taping case involving Planned Parenthood’s sale of baby parts; lawsuit may proceed
https://www.lifenews.com/2019/04/01/supreme-court-wont-dismiss-bogus-charges-against-david-daleiden-for-exposing-planned-parenthood/

5A: One of the remaining challenges to President Trump’s travel ban was thrown out of court.  Any right to “familial association” cannot be used to demand U.S. visas for family members overseas. 
https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2019/mar/27/judge-tosses-travel-ban-lawsuit/

So-called ‘Equality Act’ would assault conscience rights, institutionalize transgenderism, harm gender dysphoric children, and reduce adoption and foster care
https://www.dailysignal.com/2019/03/20/nancy-pelosis-equality-act-would-be-disastrous-here-are-5-likely-victim-groups/?utm_source=TDS_Email&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Top5&mkt_tok=eyJpIjoiTjJNME5XUTVPVEpqWXpjNSIsInQiOiJZN1FNaThxNVg0SXQweWhEMEtTSk9UaEdLTkFneThuaUhkVmxpZlBKZGNXMFZMdE5zcDB0YWhRdTgzeHp4RXJwVHVOMUlNNUpwTUpxeTBYbXdOeWttK2lSWTg2TTFKYTkxWitTYXlqWkxXYWZ0TjVidGZXWlJsZHZObmxlN3pTVyJ9

Federal judge allows challenge to Illinois school district transgender locker room policy to go forward; 1A Free Exercise of Religion claim cognizable, but no 5A right not to be seen unclothed by the opposite sex
http://reason.com/volokh/2019/04/01/district-court-allows-challenge-to-schoo

!A: federal judge rules Arkansas city’s panhandling ban is unconstitutional; physical interaction is protected by the First Amendment
https://www.npr.org/2019/04/02/709251256/judge-throws-out-panhandling-law-says-physical-interaction-is-free-speech
 
1A: professor’s profanity and discussion of her and her students’ sex lives are unrelated to course material and do not fall within academic freedom  (5th Circuit)
http://www.ca5.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/18/18-30148-CV0.pdf
 
1A Religion: Sufi Muslim inmate files appeal to test whether prison can use promise of attendance at weekly prayer services as a motivator to get inmate to improve behavior
https://infosurhoy.com/cocoon/saii/xhtml/en_GB/news-summary/sufi-muslim-jail-inmate-appeals-non-secular-rights-case/
 
2A: California’s ban on magazines that hold more than 10 bullets unconstitutional, federal judge rules
https://freebeacon.com/national-security/federal-judge-rules-calif-magazine-confiscation-law-unconstitutional/?utm_source=Freedom+Mail&utm_campaign=6838e8bb8f-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2019_04_01_08_41_COPY_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_b5e6e0e9ea-6838e8bb8f-45628225
 
2A: right to have stun guns vindicated in two more decisions
http://reason.com/volokh/2019/03/25/right-to-possess-stun-guns-in-ny-right-t
 
2A: Did the U.S. agree to full implementation of the onerous UN gun control pact?  U.S. citizen info to go into global tracking database?
https://dcdirtylaundry.com/media-silent-as-us-agrees-to-full-implementation-of-united-nations-gun-control-pact-2/
 
4A: law enforcement is entitled to rely on warrant issued by a court (good faith exception) (6th Circuit)
http://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/19a0047p-06.pdf

4A: police cannot lie to get permission to search and avoid securing a warrant. Looking for child porn, policed asked to inspect computers claiming one of them is "sending a signal and/or viruses to computers in Washington." (5th Circuit)
 http://media.ca1.uscourts.gov/pdf.opinions/16-2214P-01A.pdf
 
5A Double Jeopardy: disgorgement of profits and imposition of fines for insider trading are civil penalties and do not bar criminal prosecution for same misconduct (11th Circuit)
http://media.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/files/201612061.pdf
 
5A: aggressive City of Baltimore files eminent domain suit to take Pimlico racetrack ... AND THE PREAKNESS HORSE RACE!
http://reason.com/volokh/2019/03/26/baltimore-tries-to-use-eminent-domain-to

6A: speedy trial rights violated when defendants spend 5 years in pretrial detention after evidence goes missing and prosecutors take 3 years to decide on the death penalty (2nd Circuit)
http://www.ca2.uscourts.gov/decisions/isysquery/dbde9609-1544-4408-a3ff-7ee904392a59/5/doc/18-496_complete_opn.pdf#xml=http://www.ca2.uscourts.gov/decisions/isysquery/dbde9609-1544-4408-a3ff-7ee904392a59/5/hilite/

6A: right to counsel violated when appointed attorney insists on insanity defense over defendant’s objections (9th Circuit)
http://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2019/03/14/17-10439.pdf

Original meaning of 14A Privileges or Immunities clause protects unenumerated natural rights
https://www.lawliberty.org/2019/03/26/the-unenumerated-rights-of-the-privileges-or-immunities-clause/

Shame! Eric Holder asserts ‘America was never great’ (but was forced to retreat after backlash) #HateAmericaFirstCrowd

https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2019/03/twitter-war-pence-absolutely-destroys-eric-holder-with-four-pictures-and-not-a-single-word/

The  Pandora’s  Box  of  Reparations

4/3/2019

 
The subject of reparations was back in the news recently, when presidential candidates Elizabeth Warren and Kamala Harris voiced their support for reparations for black Americans to redress the legacy of slavery.  Warren would also consider reparations for American Indians.  So I got to wondering whether reparations would be constitutional.

The subject comes up every few years and can be traced back to Martin Luther King’s call for reparations in 1963 which referred to General William Sherman’s order to give former slaves 40 acres and a mule after the Civil War.  Sherman’s order was rescinded and land that had been distributed was taken back. 

Does that mean that reparations should be made today?  Lots of legal arguments stand in the way:
  • First, there is the question of standing.  Plaintiffs can’t get through the courthouse door if they can’t show that an injury has been done to them personally.  But no former slave is currently alive, so their descendants may be barred from making claims because they have not been injured themselves by slavery.
  • Next, the statute of limitations has surely run.  Slavery ended over 150 years ago.  There are court cases barring racial discrimination claims that attempted to reach too far back into the past. 
  • Next, slavery was legal at the time, so there is no legal basis for compensating descendants - no illegality occurred.  
  • Next, some blacks were free even in colonial times, so reparations cannot be made by racial group alone; each case would have to be examined individually.
  • Under current Supreme Court jurisprudence, the federal government may compensate the immediate direct victims of its own discrimination, like the Japanese-Americans held in concentration camps in World War II, but not others whose claims are more attenuated.  State governments in the South, not the federal government, were primarily responsible for slavery.  
  • For the federal government to pay out money based on race for societal wrongs - not the federal government’s own discrimination - would arguably constitute special treatment and racial preferences of a kind the Supreme Court has, so far, not permitted. 

But all these legal and constitutional arguments could be swept aside by a future Supreme Court with Justices appointed by the Democrats in the majority.  If that day comes, there would still be very good reasons to think long and hard about whether we, as a nation, want to go down the reparations road.  Several commentators have observed that reparations based on race would be viewed by many as an injustice and make race relations worse, not better.  Some would view reparations as a tax on whiteness, brownness, yellowness, and - unless Elizabeth Warren gets her way - redness, perpetuating an unhealthy preoccupation with race and all manner of grievances to further divide us.

My concern is that reparations based on race breaches the principle of individual responsibility.  I didn’t do anything to the black people I encounter in my life and I should not be made to pay just because I belong to a certain group.  There are lots of white people whose ancestors weren’t even in the country in 1865.   Group responsibility - otherwise known as guilt by association - is a very dangerous game, but let’s play it anyway, for a minute.  Like a liberal friend of mine in Boston says, reparations - OK, but just wait for the counterclaim for making inner cities unlivable.  Lots of blacks don’t cause problems or live outside of inner cities, you say?  It doesn’t matter.  The principle of group responsibility has been announced, so they shall pay no matter what they do or where they live.  Here’s another claim on fairness - by the descendants of the 620,000 soldiers who died in the Civil War freeing the slaves.  Under the principle of group responsibility, it is only fair and just that present-day blacks pay that counterclaim as well.  So you see, all sorts of mischief starts when you breach the principle of individual responsibility and pit one group against another. 

Let me suggest that we all find something better to do with our time.

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